8 Simple Rules for Russian Verb Conjugation

Russian verbs change according to their tense, person, and number. This guide to Russian verb conjugation provides basic rules for conjugating regular verbs in the present tense. The Russian present tense is simpler than the English present tense, as there is only one present tense verb form. To illustrate this point, consider the sentence Ã'  Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð °Ã'Ž. This statement can mean I read, I have been reading, or I am reading. Thanks to this simplified present tense, basic verb conjugation in Russian is easier than you might expect. Follow these eight steps to begin conjugating Russian verbs. Rule 1: Russian Verb Forms Russian verbs have six forms in the present tense: 1st person, 2nd person, and 3rd person, all of which can be singular or plural. The verb ending tells us the point of view (1st, 2nd, or 3rd) and the number (singular/plural) of the verb. Rule 2: Verb Conjugation Groups There are two groups of verb conjugation in Russian: first conjugation and second conjugation. First conjugation verbs have the endings -Ã'Æ' (-Ã'Ž),  -Ð µÃ'ˆÃ'Å' (-Ã'‘Ã'ˆÃ'Å'),  -Ð µÃ'‚ (-Ã'‘Ã'‚),  -Ð µÃ ¼ (-Ã'‘Ð ¼),  -Ð µÃ'‚Ð µ (-Ã'‘Ã'‚Ð µ), and -Ã'Æ'Ã'‚ (-Ã'ŽÃ'‚). Second conjugation verbs have the endings -Ã'Æ' (-Ã'Ž),  -Ð ¸Ã'ˆÃ'Å',  -Ð ¸Ã'‚,  -Ð ¸Ã ¼,  -Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð µ,  -Ð °Ã'‚ (-Ã' Ã'‚).   Rule 3: How to Check a Conjugation Group There are two ways to determine a verbs conjugation group. First, look at the personal ending if it is under stress: Ð ¿Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å' – Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã'‘Ã'ˆÃ'Å', Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã'‘Ã'‚, Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã'ŽÃ'‚ (first conjugation)Ð ³Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å' – Ð ³Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã ¸Ã'ˆÃ'Å', Ð ³Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã ¸Ã'‚ (second conjugation) Second, if the personal ending is not stressed, look at the suffix before the ending -Ã'‚Ã'Å' in the infinitive form of the verb and follow these steps. Put the verb in its infinitive, e.g. Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã µÃ'‚ - Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å'Check which vowel comes before the ending -Ã'‚Ã'Å'. For example: in Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å', it is Ã' .Use these rules to determine whether the verb is first or second conjugation. Rule 4: Endings in Second Conjugation Verbs Second conjugation verbs are: All verbs ending in -Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' in their infinitive form (exceptions: Ð ±Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ã' Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å')7 verbs ending with -Ð µÃ'‚Ã'Å': Ã' Ã ¼Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ð ½Ã µÃ ½Ã °Ã ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ð ·Ã °Ã ²Ã ¸Ã' Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ð ¿Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ð ¾Ã ±Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ð ²Ã µÃ'€Ã'‚Ð µÃ'‚Ã'Å'4 verbs ending with -Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å': Ã' Ã »Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ð ³Ã ½Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ð ´Ã µÃ'€Ð ¶Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'All derivatives of these verbs, e.g. Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ ³Ã ½Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã ¼Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ'‚Ã'Å' Rule 5: Endings in First Conjugation Verbs First Conjugation verbs are those that in their infinitive form end in -Ð µÃ'‚Ã'Å', -Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å', -Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å', -Ð ¾Ã'‚Ã'Å', -Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'Å', -Ã'‹Ã'‚Ã'Å'. Rule 6: How to Remember The Correct Conjugation Group Heres a helpful poem to remember which verbs are in the second conjugation group. КÐ ¾ Ð ²Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¼Ã'Æ' Ð ¶Ã µ Ã' Ã ¿Ã'€Ã' Ã ¶Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å'Ã'ŽÐžÃ'‚Ð ½Ã µÃ' Ã µÃ ¼ Ð ¼Ã'‹ Ð ±Ã µÃ · Ã' Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã ½Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å'Ã' Ãâ€™Ã' Ã µ Ð ³Ã »Ã °Ã ³Ã ¾Ã »Ã'‹, Ã'‡Ã'‚Ð ¾ Ð ½Ã ° –Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å',ИÃ' Ã ºÃ »Ã'ŽÃ'‡Ð °Ã'  Ð ±Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ã' Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð  Ð µÃ'‰Ð µ: Ã' Ã ¼Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ð ¾Ã ±Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ã' Ã »Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ð ½Ã µÃ ½Ã °Ã ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å',Ð ³Ã ½Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ð ´Ã µÃ'€Ð ¶Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ð ¿Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å',Ð ¸ Ð ·Ã °Ã ²Ã ¸Ã' Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ð ¸ Ð ²Ã µÃ'€Ã'‚Ð µÃ'‚Ã'Å'. Rule 7: Finding The Stem To find the stem of a verb, take away the last letter from the first person singular form of the verb (Ã' ). For example, Ã'  Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã'Ž becomes Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' . Next, take off the last three letters the ending from the second person singular form of the verb (Ã'‚Ã'‹). For example, Ã'‚Ã'‹ Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã µÃ'ˆÃ'Å' becomes Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' . Finally, compare the two results. If they are the same, either result is the stem. If they are not the same, then the second result is the stem. Rule 8: Attaching The Ending Take the stem of your verb (Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' ) and find the correct ending based on the verbs conjugation group. If it is a first conjugation verb, use the endings -Ã'Æ' (-Ã'Ž),  -Ð µÃ'ˆÃ'Å' (-Ã'‘Ã'ˆÃ'Å'),  -Ð µÃ'‚ (-Ã'‘Ã'‚),  -Ð µÃ ¼ (-Ã'‘Ð ¼),  -Ð µÃ'‚Ð µ (-Ã'‘Ã'‚Ð µ), and -Ã'Æ'Ã'‚ (-Ã'ŽÃ'‚). If it is a second conjugation verb, use the endings -Ã'Æ' (-Ã'Ž),  -Ð ¸Ã'ˆÃ'Å',  -Ð ¸Ã'‚,  -Ð ¸Ã ¼,  -Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð µ,  -Ð °Ã'‚ (-Ã' Ã'‚). Exceptions Some verbs are conjugated with endings from both the first and the second conjugation forms. For example: Ã'  Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'‡Ã'Æ' (ya khaCHOO) - I wantÃ'‚Ã'‹ Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'‡Ð µÃ'ˆÃ'Å' (ty KHOchysh) - you wantÐ ¾Ã ½ / Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ° Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚ (on / aNA KHOchyt) - he / she wantsÐ ¼Ã'‹ Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ¼ (my khaTEEM) - we wantÐ ²Ã'‹ Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð µ (vy khaTEEty) - you wantÐ ¾Ã ½Ã ¸ Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'‚Ã' Ã'‚ (aNEE khaTYAT) - they want Ã'  Ð ±Ã µÃ ³Ã'Æ' (ya byeGOO) - I am running / I runÃ'‚Ã'‹ Ð ±Ã µÃ ¶Ã ¸Ã'ˆÃ'Å' (ty byeZHYSH) - you (singular / familiar) are running / you runÐ ¾Ã ½ / Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ° Ð ±Ã µÃ ¶Ã ¸Ã'‚ (on / aNA byZHYT) - he / she is running / he / she runsÐ ¼Ã'‹ Ð ±Ã µÃ ¶Ã ¸Ã ¼ (my byZHYM) - we are running / we runÐ ²Ã'‹ Ð ±Ã µÃ ¶Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µ (vy byZHYty) - you (plural) are running / you runÐ ¾Ã ½Ã ¸ Ð ±Ã µÃ ³Ã'Æ'Ã'‚ (aNEE byGOOT) - they are running / they run First Conjugation Example Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' (gooLYAT) - to walk, to strollÐ ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã'  - the verbs stem Ã'  Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã'Ž (ya gooLYAyu) - I am walking / I walkÃ'‚Ã'‹ Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã µÃ'ˆÃ'Å' (ty gooLYAysh) - you (singular / familiar) are walking / you walkÐ ¾Ã ½/Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ° Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã µÃ'‚ (on/aNA gooLYAyt) - he / she is walking / he/ she walksÐ ¼Ã'‹ Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã µÃ ¼ (my gooLYAyim) - we are walking / we walkÐ ²Ã'‹ Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã µÃ'‚Ð µ (vy gooLYAytye) - you (plural) are walking / you walkÐ ¾Ã ½Ã ¸ Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã'ŽÃ'‚ (aNEE gooLYAyut) - they are walking / they walk Second Conjugation Examples Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'‚Ã'Å' (dySHAT) - to breatheÐ ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆ - the verbs stem Ã'  Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÃ'Æ' (ya dySHOO) - I am breathing / I breatheÃ'‚Ã'‹ Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã'ˆÃ'Å' (ty DYshysh) - you (singular / familiar) are breathing / you breatheÐ ¾Ã ½/Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ° Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã'‚ (on / aNA DYshyt) - he / she is breathing / he / she breathesÐ ¼Ã'‹ Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ¼ (my DYshym) - we are breathing / we breatheÐ ²Ã'‹ Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã'‚Ð µ (vy DYshytye) - you (plural) are breathing / you breatheÐ ¾Ã ½Ã ¸ Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'‚ (aNEE DYshut) - they are breathing / they breathe Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å' (VEEdyt) - to seeÐ ²Ã ¸Ã ´ - the verbs stem Ã'  Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ¶Ã'Æ' (ya VEEzhoo) - I am seeing / I see*Ã'‚Ã'‹ Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'ˆÃ'Å' - you (singular / familiar) are seeing/ you seeÐ ¾Ã ½ / Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ° Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'‚ - he / she is seeing / he / she seesÐ ¼Ã'‹ Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã ¸Ã ¼ - we are seeing / we seeÐ ²Ã'‹ Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µ - you (plural) are seeing / you seeÐ ¾Ã ½Ã ¸ Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã' Ã'‚ - they are seeing / they see (*Please note that in some verbs, consonants positioned before the personal endings can change. Here, Ð ´ changes to Ð ¶ in first person singular.)

Absurdism In The Stranger, By Albert Camus - 983 Words

The novel The Stranger written by The French author Albert Camus was published in 1942. The author wrote about what he felt and his views on the world and society. He had very unconventional ideas about morality and believed that life has no rational meaning. These ideas and thoughts are what make this book absurd and very eccentric. Camus philosophy led to what was later known as Absurdism. Absurdism is the need to look for a meaning to life and their inability to find one In the beginning of the book the main character whos name is Meursault is asking his boss for time off to attend his mothers funeral. In the first line he says â€Å"maman died today†. Meursault sees that the coffin has already been sealed. Meursault†¦show more content†¦Throughout the story Meursalt continues to see Marie. He never mentions her personality, he only really cares about her appearance. She asks him after being together for some time if he wanted to marry her and his response was i t makes no difference to me at all. Marie then asks him if he loves her. He replied even though love doesnt mean anything I dont believe I love you . Despite all of this and despite how peculiar Marie thinks this is she decided she wants to marry him anyway. Pretty absurd right? Marriage is for when youre ready to be with someone forever and in love with them, Meursalt didnt seem to have those feelings. Meursault and his friend Raymond get into a fight with a few arabs and one of the arab men stabs Meursault’s friend Raymond. They rush Raymond to the doctor. You would think maybe Meursault does care and have feelings , but no once again the absurdity. Meursault does not feel like dealing and talking to any doctor, he said its not important so instead he watched the ocean and smokes a cigarette. Later that night Meursault is walking on the beach and encounters the arab man by himself. The arab man pulls his knife out and Meursault with no remorse pulls out his gun and fires it four times into the arabian man’s body. He sees no significance of human existence . He sees the same outcome whether he shoots the gun or not because the loss of the arab’s life does not matter , or what he claims.Show MoreRelatedDefinition Of Absurdism In The Stranger By Albert Camus1490 Words   |  6 Pagesdefinition of absurdism is stated on Merriam-Webster dictionary as the â€Å"p hilosophy theory about the belief that the universe is irrational and meaningless, the search for order brings the individual into conflict with the universe† ( Merriam Webster). The absurdist philosopher Albert Camus once supported the philosophical belief by saying an individuals should embrace the absurd condition of human existence while also defiantly continuing to explore and search for meaning (Albert Camus). Camus is knownRead MoreEssay about Absurdism in The Stranger by Albert Camus1271 Words   |  6 PagesThe Stranger by Albert Camus focuses largely on the concept of absurdism. Camus uses family and personal relationships, or the lack of it thereof, to show the isolation that the main character, Meursault, undergoes in the novel and it’s effect on him overall. Camus utilizes the protagonists’ character development as a tool to further his plot of the novel. The absence of family and personal relationships tied in with the particular recurring topics o f the novel are crucial in both the developmentRead MoreThe Topic of Defiance of Societal Rules in The Stranger Through Absurdism1018 Words   |  5 PagesThe Stranger by Albert Camus there is a prevalence of characters breaking societal rules, but as a result these characters face the consequences. Albert Camus connects these actions to the overarching themes of the books in order to convey his message more effectively. To what extent does the topic of defiance of societal rules in The Stranger convey the theme of Absurdism in the novel? The sub-themes of femininity, individuality, and isolation connect to the overarching theme of absurdism as anRead MoreAlberts Aimless Absurdity898 Words   |  4 PagesIn Albert Camus’ novella, The Stranger, he exposes his beliefs on absurdism through the narration of Meursault. Camus’ definition of absurdism is a philosophy based on the belief that the universe is illogical and meaningless. Camus, founder of absurdism and French Nobel Prize winning author, sends the reader his underlying theme that life is meaningless and has no ulti-mate significance. This underlying theme of life’s absurdity is extremely personal to Camus through his own individual experiencesRead MoreLiterary Analysis: How Meursault Is Indifferent in the Stranger, by Albert Camus874 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary analysis: How Meursault is indifferent in The Stranger, by Albert Camus Although Meursault is the title character and narrator of Albert Camus’ short novel The Stranger, he is also a somewhat flat character. His apparent indifferent demeanor may be a convenience to Camus, who mainly wanted to display his ideas of absurdism. And as a flat character, Meursault is not fully delineated: he lacks deep thought and significant change. His purpose is that of a first-person narrator whose actionsRead MoreAnalysis Of Meursault A Stranger To Society1026 Words   |  5 Pagesrealizes how meaningless and pointless life is and accepts his fate- wishing only that the crowds would scream their hate for him on the day of his execution. Albert Camus accurately depicts Meursault as a stranger to society, to himself, and to human emotions in general, while arguing for the philosophy of absurdism. Meursault is a stranger to human emotions. In Part I, preceding Maman’s funeral, Meursault sits by the window in his apartment. He makes observations of the happenings on the streetRead MoreThe Rebel by Albert Camus787 Words   |  3 PagesAlbert Camus and the Notion of Rebel Published in 1951, ‘The Rebel’ by Camus traces the concept of ‘man in revolt’ through history and literature and history. Camus offers his perspectives on society and where the limits of governance should be set. Looking at various incidents in the course of history, Camus makes special mention of his life-long, passionate battle against the cruelty of capital punishment, and murder by trial. Camus also mention the support Communism gives to such judgment evenRead MoreThemes of The Stranger by Albert Camus1439 Words   |  6 Pages Is there any logical meaning of living? Is life worth living? These are the main questions that Albert Camus attempts to answer throughout the novel The Stranger. Albert Camus is a French-born Algerian who lived through the conflict between the French and the Algerians in the mid 20th century which later erupted into a formal war. Camus won nobel prizes for his writing, which delineates many philosophical ideas. Meursault, the ma in protagonist of the novel, lives life as a physical being and showsRead MoreThe Stranger By Albert Camus1411 Words   |  6 PagesThe novel The Stranger, written by Albert Camus, encompasses contemporary philosophies of existentialism and absurdism. Existentialist and absurdist philosophies entail principles regarding that one’s identity is not based on nature or culture, but rather by sole existence. The role of minor characters in The Stranger helps to present Camus’s purpose to convey absurdist and existentialist principles. The characters of Salamano and Marie are utilized in order to contrast the author’s ideas about contemporaryRead MoreAnalysis Of The Absurd 1184 Words   |  5 PagesThe Absurd It is safe to say the idea of absurdism can be linked to meaningless, and other such words that express a destination without the means to there and vice versa. In Camus’ famous fictional novel, he shows how one’s perception of life can be effected when faced with death. The Stranger reflects Camus’ philosophical stance on absurdism. There is no truth, no certainty, or any unwavering, non-relative laws in life. There is no sense in pursuing impossibilities. But if life is in a sense pointless

Managing Hybrid Marketing Systems Free Essays

Managing Hybrid Marketing Systems In the article we read that companies create hybrid marketing systems by adding channels and communications methods. A company generally must reach new customers or segments to sustain growth. It usually supplements existing channels and methods with new ones designed to attract and develop new customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Hybrid Marketing Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now This addition of new channels and methods create a hybrid marketing system. Hybrid systems are hard to manage. It is an important way to increase sales and decrease costs. For example, IBM and Apple started adding new channels and communications methods and by these IBM and Apple created hybrid marketing systems. Smart managers recognize the high risks of operating hybrid systems. A hybrid can be hard to manage. The result is the same whether the migration is from direct to indirect channels (such as IBM) or from indirect to direct channels (such as Apple). Hybrid Marketing Systems can offer substantial rewards. For example, if a company captures benefits of a hybrid system with increased coverage, lower costs and customized approaches then that company will enjoy significant competitive advantage over rivals that cling to traditional ways. The need to contain costs is another powerful force behind the spread of hybrid systems when companies look for ways to reach customers that are more efficient than direct selling. At the heart of the problem of designing and managing hybrid systems is the fundamental question of what mix of channels and communication methods can be best to accomplish the assortment of tasks required to identify, sell and manage customers. The trick to designing and managing hybrid systems is to disaggregate demand-generation tasks both within and across marketing system. It recognizes that channels are not the basic building blocks of a marketing system but marketing tasks are. This analysis of tasks and channels will identify the hybrid’s basic components and permit managers to design and manage the system effectively. A map of tasks and channels is called a hybrid grid. It can help managers make sense of their hybrid system. For example a hybrid grid can be used to illustrate graphically what happened at Write Line and what have happened differently. In seeking to build and manage hybrid system the companies must recognize and communicate the existence of conflict as the first and most important step. Maintaining order in a hybrid marketing system is a complex administrative challenge. An MSP system acts as the central nervous system that coordinates the channels and tasks of a hybrid system. How to cite Managing Hybrid Marketing Systems, Papers

Capital Budgeting Evaluation of Investments †Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Capital Budgeting: Evaluation of Investments. Answer: Introduction Besides the financial aspects of a project appraisal, it is crucial for the investor to consider the various non-financial aspects facing that project appraisal (Mohamed and McCowan, 2001). This should be done before the final decision to undertake the project is made. On noting that there exist many limitations to financial data, Ittner and Larcker (2000) concluded that other measures would be better in the evaluation of a companys performance. For instance, they suggested that quality would be better in forecasting. However, they noted that some of these measures could be difficult to implement. The traditional systems that were financially oriented have been in the modern period been disregarded by most managers, with allegations that its working is no longer adequate. They criticized the insertion of major emphasis on accounting returns and earning, rather on the drivers of value i.e. innovation, employees and customer satisfaction and quality (Ittner and Larcker, 2000). Pest and swot analysis will be used in the identification of these factors. Non-financial Factors for Evaluating Investment Projects Strengths The key role played by the system of performance measures is that of strategy development, organizational objectives evaluation and achievement and on managers compensation. They are the strength of considering the non-financial factors. Weakness However, companies are faced with a major challenge in choosing the performance measures; this is a major weakness in considering the non-financial factors (Gotze, Northcott and Schuster, 2015). There are many non-financial factors which proofs an investment to be performing well. First, the climatic issues. Opportunity and Threats Recently, green activities have gained popularity such that a company that is not investing in preserving the environment is viewed by the public as irresponsible and unresponsive (Chinweike, 2009). This is the environmental analysis part; the company should avoid pollution of the environment. The public are the potential customers to a companys product. A company that includes some non-financially sound projects in its investment is able to preserve the benefits. Consideration of the impacts that could result on the environment from investment on a project is important (Ingram, 2016).This is one of the major opportunities posed by this consideration. The major threat of considering the non-financial factors is that most projects may not pass the test for non-financial evaluation to be considered viable. Political Analysis Second, governments regulation. There are relevant laws set by the government concerning investments. The actions and inactions of the government have consequences that should be considered by managers (Chinweike, 2011). This is the political analysis part. While this is obvious, many investors have disregarded it in appraising projects. Economic Analysis Third, backend profits/sales. These sales result from the inclusion of some non-profitable projects in the companys investment. According to Chinweike (2009), these projects are targeted to bring in more customers into the business. Fourth, the actions of competitors. A company may be considered financially viable without considering the aspect of competitors. As soon as the project is initiated, the competitors could implement various strategies that would make the project less profitable, or rather losses could be made. By considering the impact that could be caused by all the possible actions of the competitors, investors will have some assurance that the project will generate some profit, and if not, its not a good investment. Social Analysis Fifth, the customers satisfaction. Customers are the kings of investments. It is, therefore, crucial to consider the extent of satisfaction they will derive from the intended project investment (McMenamin, 2002). The products of a project should be affordable and yield many benefits to the consumers. This is, therefore, an important non-financial factor as it will determine the level of the companys sales. Sixth, the motivation of staff. Some investment discourages the motivation of the staff (Ingram, 2016). Therefore, an investment project should only be engaged into, if and only it proofs to motivate the staff (Chinweike, 2011). Technological Analysis Seventh, availability of manpower. In the real sense, manpower is an essential requirement for every investment. The equipment invested needs manpower to be in operation. The company should, therefore, consider the availability of sufficient supply of the same. This is the technical analysis part. It may be difficult to connect with skilled manpower after the project is initiated if this was not considered earlier. The Comparison of IRR and NPV When an investor is interested in measuring the possible benefits that could be derived from making a certain investment, the net present value (NPV) and the internal rate of return (IRR) are the two commonly used methods (Kaushal, 2015). The NPV method gives a direct measure of the dollars that will be received by the stockholders i.e. it is measured in currency terms, while the IRR method gives the return on the original invested money. I.e. it is measured in percentage returns expected. With IRR a project can be chosen if returns are higher, by ignoring the initial investment size (Schmidt, 2013). Large projects with lower returns may be having huge positive NPVs. While the measure of NPV is absolute, that of IRR is relative. On the analysis of mutually exclusive projects, both the IRR and the NPV are useful metrics. However, the direction pointed by these metrics is not always the same. This is due to the variation is the timing of cash flows and the size of the projects. IRR dep ends on the internal factors of the projects and not the predetermined required rate of return (RRR) (Arshad, 2012). The major pitfall of IRR is that if losses are being made from the operation of a project and the company may be required to provide more capital, the problem of multiple IRR arises. I. e this occurs when negative cash flows are received. This type of cash flow is referred to as non-normal. In situations where the cash flows are changing, only the NPV method is applicable; the IRR method cannot be used for evaluation. When the project under evaluation is an independent project, meaning that the decision to invest in the project is independent and not compared to other projects, the ranking produced by the NPV and the IRR methods are not conflicting. They are similar such that, a project that is accepted through NPV is accepted with IRR. On the other hand, a project rejected when using NPV is also rejected with IRR (Investopedia, 2012). Both the two metrics are used in estimating profitability. However, there has been a debate that one of the methods is superior to the other. The NPV has been considered superior to the IRR by various studies. Understanding and grasping of the NPV by the general public is easy. Business managers are the most common user of the IRR method since its expression as a percentage makes returns be easily understood. NPV is better than IRR since the results from the same project changes with a change in the discount rate. With IRR, the same results are obtained even with a change in the discount rate for the same project (Schmidt, 2013). Hence with IRR, it is difficult to estimate the discount rate that will maximize the shareholders wealth. The consideration of different discount rate for a single project makes the NPV preferable for long-term investments as discount rates may change with time (Kaushal, 2015). Also, the NPV also considers the cost of capital. During the calculation of the p rojects profitability, the additional shareholders wealth is only taken into account when NPV is used but disregarded when IRR is used. For this reason, it is considered to be not consistent with the maximization of the shareholders wealth. The wealth of the shareholders is maximized when the returns from a project yield a positive NPV. Therefore, there exist a conflict in that; a project may be yielding a higher positive NPV, but its IRR could be lower. In this case, the firms goal of maximizing shareholders wealth (high NPV) is conflicted by that of reduced expected returns (lower IRR) (boundless.com, 2016). Fig: Two mutually exclusive projects compared using NPV and IRR Source: boundless .com For certain discount rates, the NPVs of project A are higher even though the IRR (x-axis intercept) is lower than that of project B. Conclusion In todays world, so many uncertainties are experienced especially in finance. Non-financial factors have therefore been of great important to the todays management. Most of this factors sound obvious and real. Their ignorance could make most investors to engage in projects that will later yield negative NPVs. Hence, they should be taken seriously. When deciding on the best method for the evaluation of projects, the NPV is a better method especially for long term projects. It is also better than IRR since the results reached are dependent on the rate of discount. IRR is not useful when the discount rate keeps on changing since the results do not change. Also, when there are more projects to be evaluated NPV is the best since problems arise when IRR is used in such a situation. References Arshad, A. (2012). Net Present Value is better than Internal Rate of Return. [Online] ijcrb.webs.com. Available at: https://journal-archieves26.webs.com/211-219.pdf [Accessed 26 Jul. 2016]. Chinweike, (2009). Investment Appraisal-8 non-financial factors that every accountants and managers should consider - Investment Small Business Accountants. [Online] Investment Small Business Accountants. Available at: https://www.accountantnextdoor.com/investment-appraisal-8-non-financial-factors-that-every-accountants-and-managers-should-consider/ [Accessed 24 Jul. 2016]. Chinweike, (2011). Non-monetary and financial factors of investment appraisal. [Online] HubPages. Available at: https://hubpages.com/money/non-monetary-and-financial-factors-of-investment-appraisal [Accessed 24 Jul. 2016]. Gotze, U., Northcott, D. and Schuster, P. (2015). Investment appraisal. Heidelberg: Springer. Ingram, D. (2016). Qualitative Factors in Capital Investment Decisions. [Online] Smallbusiness.chron.com. Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/qualitative-factors-capital-investment-decisions-73769.html [Accessed 25 Jul. 2016]. Investopedia. (2012). Advantages and Disadvantages of NPV and IRR - Complete Guide to Corporate Finance | Investopedia. [Online] Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/walkthrough/corporate-finance/4/npv-irr/advantages-disadvantages.aspx [Accessed 25 Jul. 2016]. Kaushal, N. (2015). NPV vs IRR - Which is better? - WallStreetMojo. [Online] Free Investment Banking Tutorials | WallStreetMojo. Available at: https://www.wallstreetmojo.com/npv-vs-irr/ [Accessed 24 Jul. 2016]. McMenamin, J. (2002). Financial Management: An Introduction. Routledge. Mohamed, S. and McCowan, A. (2001), Modelling Project Investment Decisions Under Uncertainty Using Possibility Theory, International Journal of Project Management, Vol. 19, N 4, pp. 231-241. Ittner, C. and Larcker, D. (2000). Non-financial Performance Measures: What Works and What Doesn't - Knowledge@Wharton. [Online] Knowledge@Wharton. Available at: https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/non-financial-performance-measures-what-works-and-what-doesnt/ [Accessed 25 Jul. 2016]. Schmidt, R. (2013). Understanding the Difference between NPV vs IRR. [Online] Propertymetrics.com. Available at: https://www.propertymetrics.com/blog/2013/06/28/npv-vs-irr/ [Accessed 26 Jul. 2016].