Organisational and leadership management Case Study - 1

Hierarchical and administration the executives - Case Study Example Their significant point is to feature themselves in the center and lower layers of the populace to increase most extreme market entrance and piece of the overall industry. Going into the historical backdrop of the association, it was established in 1965 in West Yorkshire England, and it is there just that their central station are available. The significant items that they are offering their immense client base are basic food item, general merchandize and budgetary administrations; an area that is not the same as their central business. Related Dairies and Farms Stores Limited was shaped in 1949; the organization ASDA was framed after a merger concurrence with three market chains in 1965. After a ton of changes in the item base, combined with mergers, acquisitions and expansions, they began their engaged methodology towards expanding their food retailers vision forward. This was done in 1989, by purchasing colossal stores of Rivals, Gateway Superstores for an incredible some of 750 million pounds. Issue of selling such a large number of items emerged, which are experienced by raising capital from investors twice. The excursion of then coupling themselves with the American mammoth Wal-Mart began where the CEO of the organization even sent individuals to the association so as to get to the advertising and innovation base that their worldwide opponents were utilizing. The takeover of this British association by the US mammoth Wal-Mart, occurred on 26th July, 1999; this was the point at which the association was intendi ng to assume control over Kingfisher plc. (ASDA, 2009) The association is fundamentally gloating to give item and administration both to its qualities clients. It is a greater amount of less in the center of the item administration continuum, sliding more towards to item end. This is on the grounds that the association has assembled a brand name in offering quality support as far as retail lodging to its clients. This requires high caliber of item. Then again, because of their sound image name, they have this part of after deals administration that is being related with the association, the clients are fulfilled that their inquiries would be met with. The component we will concentrate on in the task is the item direction of the association. It is a publically claimed association where offers are being exchanged on various stock trades. The organization brags of a pay of 638 million pounds and is at present utilizing more than 143 thousand in its association, serving the entire of the United Kingdom. They have been known for their showcasing efforts based of reasonable/low value items that have kept the opposition alive in the retailer advertise. Examination OF THE ORGANIZATION The association gives retail to its clients. Aside from the essential basic food item items and retail chains that it is giving its clients, the organization has additionally broadened and moved into the money related segment advertise. They additionally offer budgetary types of assistance to the clients with the assistance of the auxiliary associations. Be that as it may, the focal point of the examination is the retailer area of the association's product offering. There are a few variables for picking the General Merchandize and basic food item part, in short the retailer business, of the organization. One of the most unmistakable and significant one is that this area has been created over an enormous timeframe. The

Resource and Competitive Position Analysis

The café business is a serious industry. From minimal effort suppers to claim to fame food things, cafés have become spare. â€Å"y' in their endeavors to draw in clients. Pander Bread has built up a system to draw in clients that are searching for a change from cheap food. Customers are searching for new thoughts for dinners. They are searching for quality nourishments over modest cheap food. Pander has had the option to pull in and draw clients from the cheap food advertise with their novel food thoughts by drawing upon the numerous qualities of the company.The organization has been impeded y the shortcomings in its methodology and now needs to create thoughts to transform those shortcomings into chances to build clients and income. A SOOT investigation of the organization will feature territories where the organization is performing admirably and zones that need improved. Qualities Quality fixings †Pander offers the highest caliber of items to its clients. From new vegetab les to gluten free things. The organization offers a menu to suit an assortment of clients. Specialty Market †Pancreas menu things have advanced to fulfill the taste and needs of customers.Brand †The organization has a solid and unmistakable rand Reward card †This permits Pander to construct a relationship with clients. Clients are remunerated with free food things for being faithful clients. Shortcoming Pricing †While Pander offers more excellent nourishments, numerous individuals are killed by the significant expense of the food. Pancreas food is evaluated extensive higher than that of their rivals. A significant number of the cheap food chains offer and whole supper for not exactly the expense of a sandwich at Pander Brand name †The Company isn't too known as a portion of its rivals and frequently gets overlooked.Menu Selection †Pancreas menu is constrained o soups, serving of mixed greens, sandwiches and bread. Clients needing more assortment will s earch for other food thoughts. Piece of the overall industry †The organization is a national brand sold solely in the United States Opportunities Expansion †The Company can extend business to the universal market. This frees the organization up to another market with comparable taste. This permits the organization to build piece of the pie and income. Providing food †Pander offers cooking administrations which is a component that many inexpensive food organizations don't offer.Catering administrations permits the organization to build income and acquaints menu things with another scope of clients. Patterns †Consumer taste can change and advance after some time. This offers Pander the chance to alter and adjust its menu to address those issues. Dangers Chipolata †Chipolata has a comparable methodology to that of Pander. It offers new fixings and more beneficial food things that purchasers are looking for. Chipolata saves sprung up the nation over and offer pu rchasers quality feast over standard inexpensive food things. Struck †Struck has been an innovator in the espresso business for years.They have a bigger drink menu than that offered by Chipolata. Espresso consumers incline toward the different choices offered by Struck to the restricted beverage menu of Pander. McDonald's †McDonald's rivals Pander on an alternate level. They offer clients modest and speedy food choices. They have acquainted more beneficial food things with their menu to address the issues of more wellbeing cognizant people. Pander has particular capabilities that set is separated from contenders. Its craftsman breads are made new day by day and gives clients an assortment of choices to look over. Clients visit the café solely to buy the breads.For Pander to keep on developing, the organization needs to take a gander at making a passage into the worldwide markets. Pander has accomplished a lot of achievement locally, however has not figured out how to infi ltrate global markets. Pander needs to direct research on patterns in remote nations and create items to fit the requirements of those shoppers. When research has been finished, showcase testing needs to happen to perceive how shoppers react to the menu things. Next, the organization needs to remain side by side of current patterns in the market and make acclimations to its menu items.Consumer taste changes frequently and organizations that onto adjust to change won't be effective. Also, the organization needs to see approaches to drive up traffic during night hours. Pander has been very accomplishment with the lunch swarm, yet traffic drops off after that. Pander needs on join menu things that will draw in individuals out for supper or that will be conciliating to families with kids. Pander has appreciated extraordinary accomplishment throughout the years. Clients are satisfied with the assortment of things offered by the café. Pander has been extremely effective with the quick ea sygoing business sector, quality dishes and the style look of the stores.Pancreas quality lies in drawing in and holding clients and confirm by the organization's expanded income. Pander is an innovator in the market and set the standard for which numerous organizations are emulating.

So who is this Laura person, anyway

So who is this Laura person, anyway Hello and welcome to the single coolest blog on the entire admissions website. My name is Laura and I am a member of the MIT Class of 09, which means that I am writing entries about what its like to be an MIT student even though I dont actually go there yet. If you think that makes me really cool, youre absolutely right! If you think that makes me really nerdy (like the kids in the Facebook group Dorks Who Were On The Facebook Before They Left High School) you are so amazingly, incredibly wrong that I cant even begin to explain it. When I do get to MIT, Im planning to declare Course 2 (Mechanical Engineering) as a major and possibly minor in Course 17 (Political Science). Now, that said, let me tell you a little about myself. First, I am from New Jersey. Now, to be perfectly honest, I wont be offended by anti-Jersey jokes at all. I understand and embrace that my state is one of the most-often bashed states in the country. There are just 2 things I would like to clear up. Number one: New Jersey is not dirty. If youve flown into Newark airport and driven away from it by taking the Turnpike, then you have every right to think so. But I know Im not the only Jerseyan to say this: Newark is one of the worst airports Ive ever been to and the Parkway kicks the Turnpikes you-know-what. Of course there are some crowded cities and sketchy beaches, but a good portion of New Jersey is actually very nice and pretty. Number two, and this is really, really important: NO ONE who is actually FROM New Jersey ever, ever, EVER refers to it as Joisy. This is a Brooklyn accent, not a Jersey accent. Well freely admit that we do say wawk and tawk and cawfee, but NEVER Joisy. If the rest of the country could just get that straight , wed all be really happy. Thanks. =) Now that we have that out of the way, Ill continue actually telling you about myself. I love all kinds of sports and will be playing for MITs field hockey team this fall. I love baseball and am a huge New York Mets fan. Ill have no further comment on that today. I love to read and write. I read so much that Ive become personal friends with the teen librarian at my local public library. (Her name is Pam.) I like watching movies (who doesnt?) and am an avid horror fan. I love them all- everything from the most well-developed suspense thrillers (Saw) to the cheesiest slasher flicks with bad special effects (Friday the 13th). A good friend of mine (Katie) and I have horror movie marathons where we stay up all night watching horror movies. We can watch the first 5 minutes of any horror movie and make very accurate predictions about which characters will die in which order. Im spending this summer working as a lifeguard at Runaway Rapids Waterpark. This means I get paid a very small hourly wage to stand outside all day and tell little kids to stop running. I love it. I have an awesome tan, free beach parking, get to ride all the water slides and rides at the amusement park next door for free, get to stay outside all day and can jump in a pool whenever it gets too hot. Plus its a pretty cool summer job and at the end of every day I have amusing stories to tell my friends. Now, one last thought before I wrap up this first entry. Its a big thought, so get comfortable. The last science fair I went to was in my elementary schools gymnasium in the fourth grade. All I know about Intel is that they are a tech company that sponsors some kind of competition. I dont even know what that competition is, all I know is that the people who win it are really smart. I didnt break 1500 on the SATs. In fact, all those threads on collegeconfidential where everyone says hey I have a 1600, 4.0, class president, math team president, Intel winner [whatever that is], and Ive worked as an intern for IBM since I was 7 but I only got a 760 on the Physics SAT II do you think I still have a chance? really, really annoy me. No offense to anyone who has contributed to those kinds of discussions (seriously- one of my best friends is so obsessed with SAT scores that he knows mine better than I do), but they bother me for two reasons. First, they miss the point. MIT looks at more than just scores, the match is important, they want to see your passions, etc etc (just ask Matt or Ben). More importantly, they make me feel kind of dumb, and I dont like that. Heres the thing: I am totally clueless about technology. I just graduated from a nerdy tech school and the only reason I ended up applying to MIT was my sheer stubbornness. Most of the kids at my school were children of engineers. My dad is a carpenter and my mother is a teachers aide in an elementary school. If one or more of your parents is an engineer, or if you just spent lots of free time as a child playing around with electronics or whatever, I bet you have NO IDEA how hard you make life for everybody else. Im not being critical and I dont blame anyone or hold it against anyone. Hey, if you already know how to build complex electrical circuits, more power to you. Thats seriously awesome. But what you probably dont realize is that there are other people out there who really, really wish they knew how to do the things you take for granted, and you scare the hell out of them. Im speaking from personal experience here, and let me tell you- it is so, so, SO hard to keep up. Thats what I spent my junior year of high school doing- trying desperately to keep up with kids on my FIRST Robotics team who didnt even need to be there. They were practically bored with what they were doing. I got through every day by remembering one term someone used and looking it up on HowStuffWorks.com when I got home. (I highly recommend this method.) I wrote an optional essay on my MIT application about that experience, and here I am. I guess the point Im trying to make here is that you cant get discouraged just because you dont have the same background as everybody else. In fact, what Im trying to say goes even further than that. If youre an incoming freshman who really wants to major in mechanical engineering, and youre so nervous about being miles behind everyone else that youre thinking of switching to chemistry because you already know it- DONT. If youre a prospective student and youre thinking, Man, I wish I could do some of those things MIT kids do, it seems like so much fun. But I dont know the first thing about it, so I guess I wont apply- STOP. This blog will be about my experiences at MIT. That means I will share every embarrassment that I face because I dont know the first thing about engineering. Learn from my mistakes so you dont have to do the same dumb things I do. Dont feel too scared. (Or you can just bookmark me so you know where you can have a good laugh if youre having a bad day.) I am here, ready and willing to be the poster child for people who get headaches listening to conversations at MIT but still love every minute of it. If you feel kind of lost already, Im your girl.

Light and Dark Imagery in Joseph Conrads Heart of...

Light and Dark Imagery in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad is a novel about a man named Marlow and his journey into the depths of the African Congo. Marlow is in search of a man named Kurtz, an ivory trader. Though Marlow?s physical journey seems rather simple, it takes him further into his own heart and soul than into the Congo. The setting, symbols and characters each contain light and dark images, these images shape the central theme of the novel. Conrad uses light and dark imagery to help create the setting for the story; light represents civilization while darkness suggests the uncivilized. The novel opens on the deck of a boat called the Nellie, as we are introduced to the†¦show more content†¦The river Thames is the river that brings you into Europe, civilization, while the Congo brings you into the jungle or darkness. Another important symbol in the story is the ivory. The ivory has a two-fold meaning and is a central theme in the novel. Ivory is taken from the tusks of male elephants; they live in a pristine area untouched by humans. However, once the white man places a high price on the ivory, the ivory turns from good to evil. Conrad uses the ivory as a representation of the greed and corruption that is in the white mans soul. In the case of Kurtz this same greed and corruption overtook his soul, and caused his death. Each character has a special role in the novel; Kurtz and Marlow are the most important, through these two characters we are able to see how good and evil balance each other out. Marlow?s journey into the heart of darkness can also be seen as a journey into his own soul. He was in search of the darkest of objects, the ivory. Unlike Kurtz, Marlow was able to withstand the darkness from controlling him. Kurtz soul became the darkness and caused him to forget everything else there was to life. His last words were not that of love but rather of hate, ?The horrors the horrors.? Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad is a story about a man named Marlow and his Journey into the African Congo. By reading the novel and understanding all the imagery Conrad has inserted, we can get a better understanding of theShow MoreRelatedImagery, Symbolism and Motif in Heart of Darkness1053 Words   |  5 PagesIn this extract taken from the Novella, Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad explores many elements. Conrad uses a framing narrative; Marlow’s narrative is framed by another narrative, in which the reader listens to Marlow’s story told through one of those listening. The narrator remains unnamed as do the other listeners. The narration is told in the first-person plural, letting the reader know what each of the four listeners are thinking and feeling. It could be interpreted that the anonymity of theRead More Use of Light and Darkness in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness 1504 Words   |  7 PagesUse of Light and Darkness in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness  Ã‚      Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness contrasts light and darkness, to represent the civilized and uncivilized sides of the world. Conrad uses light to represent the civilized side of humanity while contrasting the dark with the uncivilized and savage. Throughout the thematic stages of the novel, that is the Thames river London, the companys office in Belgium, the journey to the heart of darkness and the conclusion, light and darkRead More The Role of Kurtz’s Intended in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness1580 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of Kurtz’s Intended in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness Very often in literature minor characters appear for only a short time in the story but carry a very heavy significance in the overall meaning of the book. Kurtz’s Intended, in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, is this kind of character. The unnamed woman only appears for a brief period at the end of the novel, but Conrad includes her for three very crucial reasons. He has Kurtz’s fiancà ©e appear to provide a justification forRead MoreJoseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1488 Words   |  6 PagesJoseph Conrad’s s novel Heart of Darkness portrays an image of Africa that is dark and inhuman. Not only does he describe the actual, physical continent of Africa as â€Å"so hopeless and so dark, so impenetrable to human thought, so pitiless to human weakness†, (Conrad 154) as though the continent could neither breed nor support any true human life. Conrad lived through a time when European colonies were scattered all over the world. This phenomenon and th e doctrine of colonialism bought into at hisRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1199 Words   |  5 PagesHeart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad depicts the events, locations, and ideas that Marlow encounters in terms of Light and Darkness. As Marlow starts his journey from the city of civilization and enlightenment which creates an atmosphere of light, but his viewpoint changes as on his journey he encounters the African jungles that lead to immense darkness. In Fitzgerald’s May Day, in and out is symbolic of Gordon’s situation. Gordon is out of luck and seeks help, is in a hope that his friend Philip DeanRead MoreHeart of Darkness1699 Words   |  7 PagesThe immortality and blindness to a dark continent Joseph Conrad’s s novel â€Å"Heart of Darkness† portrays an image of Africa that is dark and inhuman. Not only does he describe the actual, physical continent of Africa as â€Å"so hopeless and so dark, so impenetrable to human thought, so pitiless to human weakness†, (Conrad 2180) as though the continent could neither breed nor support any true human life. Conrad lived through a time when European colonies were scattered all over the world. This phenomenonRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1164 Words   |  5 PagesAs Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness eludes to the inverse interpretation of colors as a motif, Francis Ford Coppola’s Apocalypse Now not only mimics but also portrays through the Vietnam War, the contrasting misguided crusades of enlightenment that the supreme race forces upon savages. The reversed meanings amongst the colors and entangled description in Heart of Darkness shows how backwards civilization is through the need to enlighten or civilize the natives is flamboyantly flaunted in both theRead MoreEssay about Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness794 Words   |  4 Pagesroom for suggestive arguments when trying to dissect a piece of writing. Joseph Conrads novella Heart of Darkness offers the perfect platform for interpretation. With a dozen shades of foggy grays, the short story is begging for a set of eyes that can see it through. Without proceeding too far into the novella, one can draw out a great deal of analytical suggestions as to what the title itself implies. The word Darkness seems to be a consistent theme throughout the book. So much so, that the amountRead More Light vs. Dark in Heart of Darkness Essay1268 Words   |  6 PagesLight vs. Dark in Heart of Darkness The realism movement of the late nineteenth century produced works in literature that were marked by reduced sentimentality and increased objectivity. The goal was to let details tell the story, and remove noticeable bias of the author through scientific and detailed descriptions. While this form of storytelling undoubtedly is most accurate, it creates difficulties for authors to incorporate their themes into the story. This resulted in an increaseRead MoreEssay Symbolism In Heart Of Darkness1077 Words   |  5 Pagesencountered in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness lies a tale saturated with subtle, yet, significant imagery that brings forth the true meaning of the novella. Throughout Heart of Darkness Conrad uses a plethora of simple colors, objects, and places to convey multifaceted images and ideas. His fine execution of the tools of the English language allows him to quickly lure the reader aboard the Nellie and not release him until the horror is over. Although t he interpretation of symbols in the Heart of Darkness

The s Concept Of Cultural Odor And Fragrance And Girls ...

The Kim Sisters, Wonder Girls, and Girls’ Generation, and Nicki Minaj reveal the same aspect of gender ideology: sexualized female commodities. However, through the process of globalization, they are represented in different contexts in terms of time and place. Also, feminine sexualities are depicted in different theme in regard with the level of cultural adaptation, appropriation, or subversion in the process of globalization. Koichi Iwabuchi’s concept of cultural odor and fragrance and Sun Jung’s concept of transculturality as hybridity help understand the similar but different aspects in each music video. Before thriving the globalization, the Kim Sister’s music video reveals the replication of American feminine sexuality: cultural†¦show more content†¦Wonder Girls reveal the cultural appropriation to represent their otherness in their performance, affected by polycentric cultural globalization and advancement and transformation in the cultural technologies. Basically, the group seems to gain the motif from African-American female groups in America in the Sixties, who were very popular, and whose sexual appeal was outstanding. Wonder Girls imitate the U.S. feminine sexualities in Fifties and Sixties through their outfits, hair, and the gender role as the background singers. They attempt to remind the audience of the sexual fantasy in the past. However, Wonder Girls appeal their indigenized feminine sexuality as well. For example, they turn their subordinated and marginalized roles as singers into the main singers who are spotlighted and become popular. It reveals moder nized female sexualities that Korean women have developed. The mix of two different cultural femininities would help develop sexual fantasy. It appeals to the viewers not only in the U.S., but also in other Asian countries. In the same vein, in the Girls’ Generation’s music video, â€Å"I got a boy†, two fold of aspects of feminine gender and sexuality are represented in the context of polycentric cultural globalization and cultural adaptation. One is cultural feminine typicality, such as aegyo, the other is girl’s empowerment, such as

Explain how the actor viola should show her reactions and give reasons for your suggestions Free Essays

Viola is one of the main characters in Shakespeare’s play the ‘Twelfth Night’. She is dressed as Cesario a man, so you can see how hard it must be for her to show her emotions and reactions. In the play she falls in love with the Duke Orsino but finds it very hard to show her feelings for him because she is dressed as a man. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain how the actor viola should show her reactions and give reasons for your suggestions or any similar topic only for you Order Now I am using act 2 scene 4 and act 3 scene 1, where she is talking to the Duke in act 2 scene 4, and to the clown Feste in act 3 scene 1. These are very emotional scenes where Viola shows and mentions her feelings, thoughts, reactions and movement. In these scenes Viola has many feelings. She feels mostly for Orsino because she is in love him. At the end of the scene where she is speaking with Orsino she talks about her fathers daughter that loved a man. Orsino gets interested because he is in love with Olivia but Olivia does not love him. Orsino wants to know what happened to the daughter because he is in despair. Viola feels for him and can offer him no comfort. Her words display how helpless she feels. â€Å"I am the daughters of my father’s house, and all the brothers too-and yet I know not†. Earlier on in the scene Viola feels jealous about Orsino because she feels that he might fall in love with another woman and that he will love that woman as much as he loves Olivia then Viola would never get a chance with him. â€Å"Say that some lady, as perhaps there is, hath for your love as great a pang of heart as you have for Olivia†. Viola’s thoughts are like her feelings but not mentioned. She finds it very difficult because she is dressed as man and does not want to give her identity away. When she is talking with Feste the clown, he is acting silly and plays around with words. She says that she is sick for a beard but she turns aside and gives a hint that she is a woman. She says that she would not have it grow on her chin, because she is a lady. â€Å"I am almost sick for one; (aside) though I would not have it grow on my chin. Is thy lady within?† When she is talking with the clown she thinks that he cares for nothing because he plays around with words and she is quite angry with him. Viola is saying her thoughts out to the clown because she does not like him. â€Å"I warrant thou art a merry fellow and carest for nothing†. Viola reacts to some things that the Duke says. She loves the Duke so she reacts to him in a kind way as not to make him angry or hurt his feelings. In act 2 scene 4 Viola says to the Duke that Olivia cannot love him but the Duke acts stubborn and says that he cannot be so answered. Viola reacts and tells him to calm down but she means not to be hurtful because she loves him. She tries to relax him and tells him to calm down. â€Å"Sooth, but you must†. There is very little of Viola’s movement. I would say that Viola moved around with Feste the clown because the clown was getting on her nerves. It was in act 3 scene 1 where near the end of the conversation with Feste Viola gives Feste a coin. She moves a round a lot to get away from him because he is pestering her and she wants to get away. She gives the coin to Feste so he can go away. â€Å"I’ll no more with thee. Hold, there’s expenses for thee†. I think that Shakespeare’s language is very difficult to understand. There are mixed emotions in the play because Viola is dressed as a man but some of it was quite obvious to understand. Overall I thought the way Shakespeare set this play out was very well and I thought the scenes were well organised. How to cite Explain how the actor viola should show her reactions and give reasons for your suggestions, Papers

The History of Tattoos free essay sample

While most people are not aware of how far back tattoos and their uses are dated in history, tattoos date back thousands of years and have a variety of uses. Tattoos symbolize everything from personal experiences, religion, or simply art. There are literally thousands of designs and styles that variety from black to elaborate colorful schemes. Rather flaunted or hidden, sought as art or bought out of a whim, the tattoo has left its mark on generation after generation (Krakow, 1994). Throughout history tattooing has had many purposes that vary from culture, to person, to a specific date in history. The word tattoo, a Tahitian word meaning â€Å"to mark something†, has existed since 12,000 B. C. According to â€Å"A Brief History of Tattoos,† women in Borneo tattooed their symbols on their forearm indicting their particular skill. If a woman wore their symbol indicting she was a skilled weaver, her status as prime marriageable material was increased. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Tattoos or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In tribes, tattoos around the wrist and fingers were believed to ward away illness. The earliest record of tattoos, to date, was found in 1991 on the frozen remains of the â€Å"Iceman† scientist have named Otzi. His lower back, knees, ankles, and the foot were marked with a series of 57 small lines, made by rubbing powdered charcoal into vertical cuts. X-rays revived bone degeneration at the site of each tattoo, leading researchers to believe that Otzi’s people, ancestors of contemporary central and northern Europeans, may have used tattoos as medical treatments to reduce pain. Other than this were the tattoos found in Egypt during the time of the construction of the pyramids. As quickly as the Egyptians expanded their empire, so did the art of tattooing. The civilizations of Crete, Greece, Persia, and Arabia picked up and expanded the art form (A Brief History of Tattoos). The Greeks used tattooing for communication among spies by identifying them and showing their rank. Romans marked their criminals and slaves. This practice is still carried on today. The Ainu, of western Asia, used tattoos to show status. They also thought of being the ones to introduce tattoos to Japan where it developed into a religious and ceremonial rite. Dayak warriors who had beheaded someone, or â€Å"taken a head†, had tattoos on their hands. These tattoos garnered respect and assured the owner’s status for life. Polynesians brought their art all the way to New Zealand and developed a radical facial style of tattooing called Moko, which is still being used today (A Brief History of Tattoos). In the West, early Danes, Norse, and Saxons tattooed family crests (a tradition still practiced today). In 787 AD, Pope Hadrian banned tattooing, yet it still thrived in Britain until the Norman Invasion of 1066 tattooing soon disappeared from Western culture for four centuries (12th to the 16th century). In Japan tattooing still thrived. First they were used to identify criminals. The first offenses were marked with a line across the forehead. A second crime was marked by adding an arch. A third offense was marked by a second line. When put together these marks formed the Japanese character for â€Å"dog†. The wearer was shamed for life. The body suit originated around 1700 as a reaction against very stringent laws concerning conspicuous consumption. Only royalty were allowed to wear ornate clothing. As a result of this the middle class adorned themselves with these extremely elaborate full body tattoos. William Dampher re-introduced tattooing to the West when he brought a heavily tattooed Polynesian known Prince Giolo, the Painted Prince, to London in 1691. The Prince was put on exhibition and quickly became a hit. It had been roughly 600 years since tattoos had been seen in Europe. In the late 1700’s upper-class society members were getting tattoos in rather discreet places. What kept tattooing from becoming more widespread was its painful procedure, which was also very slow. In 1891, Samuel O’Reilly patented the first electric tattooing machine. This was based on Thomas Edison’s electric pen, which punctured paper with a needle. The basic design with moving coils, a tube and a needle bar, are the components of today’s tattoo gun. The electric tattoo gun allowed anyone to obtain a reasonably priced and readily available tattoo. This no longer made tattoos appealing to the upper class. By the turn of the century, tattooing had lost a great deal of credibility. Most heavily tattooed people traveled with circuses and â€Å"freak† shows. Tattooing went underground because of the view of tattoos became so poor. There were no associations, advertising, or schools to study the craft. In order to find out where to go and who to see for quality tattoos, one had to be familiar with the scuttlebutt and accepted into the then almost secret society. The birthplace of the American style tattoo was Chatham Square in New York City. This seaport and entertainment center attracted working-class people with money. This proved to be a perfect place for tattooing to grow new roots. Husbands would tattoo their wives with examples of their best work. It was as if they were walking advertisements for their work. At this time, cosmetic tattooing became popular (blush, colored lips, and eyeliner). In the 1920s, when Prohibition and the Depression, struck the center for tattoo art moved to Coney Island. In 1961, tattooing was sent reeling on its heels when there was an outbreak of hepatitis. Although most tattoo shops had sterilization machines, few used them. Newspapers soon started reporting stories of blood poisoning, hepatitis, and other such diseases. This is when a new health code violation went into effect and all the tattoo shops at times square and Coney Island were shut down. Tattoos started to regain reputation and very few people wanted anything to do with them. In the late 1960s, this attitude started to slowly change. Today, tattooing is making a comeback. It is more accepted now than it has ever been. This rise in popularity has placed tattooists in the category of â€Å"fine artist† garnering a respect not seen for over 100 years. Current artist combine the tradition of tattooing with their personal style creating unique and phenomenal body art. The 21st century is experiencing what some are already calling a second â€Å"Tattoo Renaissance. † Throughout history tattoos have signified membership in a clan or secret society. Today groups such as Hells Angels tattoo their particular group symbol. Tattoos have largely become a form of self-expression and individuality for many people of all ages and cultures.